Covariation & salience in linguistic contact: a sociophonetic study of liquid variation in Boston Spanish

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

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This dissertation examines how Spanish-speaking Bostonians of Puerto Rican and Dominican origin navigate linguistic variation and lectal coherence, focusing on the role of salience in shaping the outcomes of linguistic contact. Speakers do not adopt, resist, or modify linguistic features at random—social and cognitive factors shape how variation unfolds in contact settings. While prior research has shown that some features vary in their susceptibility to change in bilingual environments, the extent to which salience influences this process remains underexplored. By analyzing both low-salience features (e.g., subject pronoun expression, subject placement, and filled pauses) and high-salience features (e.g., coda /s/ and liquid variation), this study explores how speakers engage with variation in response to social and linguistic pressures in a dynamic contact setting.

Using sociolinguistic interviews from 22 Spanish speakers in Boston, the study employs quantitative variationist methods to analyze the distribution and interaction of multiple variables. The results show that low-salience features exhibit modest, yet, measurable and systematic structural convergence with English grammatical norms, reflecting bilingual optimization strategies. In contrast, high-salience features provide speakers with greater social and stylistic flexibility, allowing them to deploy these features in ways that align with their identity, ideology, and interactional goals.

In some cases, such as with rhotics, speakers maintain a broader sense of Caribbean linguistic identity—even after extended residence in the mainland U.S.—using these features as shibboleths of national identity. For example, the lateralization of the tap continues to differentiate Puerto Rican and Dominican speech styles, serving as a salient marker of regional affiliation. However, other high-salience features, such as laterals, appear to carry less social weight, making them more susceptible to contact-induced restructuring or stylistic reinterpretation.

To examine how these patterns of variation intersect, the study incorporates a covariation analysis that investigates whether and how the five variables pattern together—particularly in relation to speakers’ exposure to English and broader contact-induced pressures. This analysis reveals a fundamental asymmetry: lower-salience features tend to shift in tandem, reflecting a broader structural realignment shaped by bilingual optimization. Higher-salience features, by contrast, do not show the same kind of coordinated movement. Instead, they remain sites of sociolinguistic agency, affording speakers the flexibility to reinforce, neutralize, or reinterpret these forms in ways that serve social and identity-related goals. These findings contribute to sociolinguistic theory by demonstrating that salience is not merely an inherent property of linguistic variables but a dynamic, ideologically mediated phenomenon—one that shapes how and why speakers retain, modify, or reconfigure particular linguistic features in language- and dialect-contact settings.

Moreover, the current research advances understanding of linguistic agency, identity, and change in multilingual communities by conceptualizing salience as a continuum rather than a dichotomy. By framing linguistic features along a salience continuum, the study reveals how different variables interact with social forces in contact settings, offering insights into the ways speakers navigate variation to manage group affiliations and respond to sociolinguistic pressures. Additionally, by incorporating liquid variation into the study of salience and covariation, this dissertation broadens the empirical and theoretical scope of the study of Spanish in the United States, shedding new light on the ways bilingual speakers actively engage with variation.

Variation, Contact, and Change in Boston Spanish: How social meaning shapes stylistic practice and bilingual optimization

Fri, 06 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

¿Va primero el verbo? OR ¿El sujeto va primero?: Subject-verb order in Latin American Spanish

Sat, 01 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Optional Extended Content

Qué decimos cuando no decimos nada: Claves del cambio lingüístico inducido por contacto en las pausas llenas del español conversacional

Wed, 21 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Note

Esta es una traducción, ofrecida por el Observatorio, del original inglés remitido por los autores. This is a translation, provided by the Observatorio, of the English original submitted by the authors.

What we say when we say nothing at all: Clues to contact-induced language change in Spanish conversational pause-fillers

Tue, 20 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000

(Eds.) Proceedings of the 45th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development

Sat, 01 May 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Note

Danielle Dionne and Lee-Ann Vidal-Covas served as editors of this two-volume set.

Los efectos condicionantes del verbo en el uso variable de los pronombres personales de sujeto

Mon, 14 Jul 2014 00:00:00 +0000

El uso variable de los pronombres sujetos en el castellano puertorriqueño hablado en Luisiana y Puerto Rico

Fri, 20 Dec 2013 00:00:00 +0000

Publications | Lee-Ann Vidal Covas, PhD

Covariation & salience in linguistic contact: a sociophonetic study of liquid variation in Boston Spanish

Variation, Contact, and Change in Boston Spanish: How social meaning shapes stylistic practice and bilingual optimization

¿Va primero el verbo? OR ¿El sujeto va primero?: Subject-verb order in Latin American Spanish

Optional Extended Content

Qué decimos cuando no decimos nada: Claves del cambio lingüístico inducido por contacto en las pausas llenas del español conversacional

What we say when we say nothing at all: Clues to contact-induced language change in Spanish conversational pause-fillers

(Eds.) Proceedings of the 45th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development

Los efectos condicionantes del verbo en el uso variable de los pronombres personales de sujeto

El uso variable de los pronombres sujetos en el castellano puertorriqueño hablado en Luisiana y Puerto Rico